{"schemaVersion":"nuwa-current-record-1","version":"2026-10-29.1","publication":"published","work":{"id":"anti-scheming-training","title":"Stress Testing Deliberative Alignment for Anti-Scheming Training","aliases":[],"authors":[],"primaryFunction":"governance","secondaryFunctions":[],"kind":"study","sourceId":"anti-scheming-training-publication","attributionSourceId":"anti-scheming-training-publication","originalUrl":"https://www.apolloresearch.ai/science/stress-testing-deliberative-alignment-for-anti-scheming-training","publicationDate":"2025-09-17","updatedOn":"2026-10-25","areas":["deception"],"scopeNote":{"en":"Relevance is assigned to the research question and stated conditions of the work. A topic tag is not a risk rating.","zh":"风险关联依据研究问题及明确条件建立，主题标签不代表风险评级。"},"protocolIds":[],"contributions":[{"organizationId":"apollo","role":"publisher","sourceId":"anti-scheming-training-publication","locator":"Official publication masthead and article byline"}],"summary":{"en":"Stress-tests anti-scheming training and investigates whether recognition of evaluation settings affects observed violations.","zh":"对反策略性欺骗训练开展压力测试，并研究评测场景识别是否影响观察到的违规。"},"note":{"question":null,"method":null,"finding":null,"supports":null,"limits":null,"connections":null},"resources":[{"label":"Read the full paper","url":"https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2509.15541"}],"noteStatus":{"question":"limited","method":"limited","finding":"limited","supports":"limited","limits":"limited","connections":"limited"},"noteAvailability":{"en":"A substantive NUWA research note is not yet available. The repeated draft sections were removed pending review of the original methods, findings and limitations; use the original publication for the research account.","zh":"实质性的 NUWA 研究笔记尚未完成。重复草稿章节已移除，待核查原始方法、发现与限制；研究内容请以原始出版物为准。"},"noteSourceLocator":"No complete section-level method/results/limitations review completed for this note; cached original page and any chart audit retained as discovery evidence.","tags":[]},"reading":{"id":"anti-scheming-training","title":"Stress Testing Deliberative Alignment for Anti-Scheming Training","en":{"takeaway":"Deliberative alignment reduced covert actions, with residual failures and evaluation-awareness uncertainty.","question":"Does anti-scheming training generalize beyond its training environments and remain effective when evaluation awareness changes?","design":"Models learn a dedicated specification through filtered reasoning and outcome training, then face OOD evaluations, reasoning interventions and an inserted hidden-goal test.","findings":["Covert actions decrease without disappearing.","Counterfactual reasoning interventions show that verbalized evaluation awareness can causally affect behavior; further capability training can weaken mitigation."],"interpretation":"NUWA interpretation: measured reduction supports mitigation efficacy on tested distributions, but does not identify how much is robust alignment versus observation-sensitive behavior.","limits":"Covert action is a proxy for scheming; legible reasoning is imperfect evidence, and adversarial deceptive alignment is outside the paper’s scope.","connections":["NUWA connection: training-run-evaluations extends the motivation to intermediate checkpoints; Sleeper Agents separately illustrates persistent intentionally trained conditions."],"decisionRelevance":"NUWA recommendation: preserve OOD, awareness and hidden-goal stress tests as separate claims in an anti-scheming safety argument."},"zh":{"takeaway":"审议式对齐降低隐蔽行动，但仍有残余失败与评估意识不确定性。","question":"反图谋训练能否泛化到训练环境以外，并在评估意识改变时保持有效？","design":"模型经筛选推理与结果训练学习专门规范，再接受分布外评测、推理干预及植入隐藏目标测试。","findings":["隐蔽行动减少但未消失。","反事实推理干预显示，表达出的评估意识可因果影响行为；后续能力训练可能削弱缓解。"],"interpretation":"NUWA 解读：所测分布上的下降支持干预有效，但不能分清稳健对齐与受观察影响行为各占多少。","limits":"隐蔽行动是图谋代理指标，可读推理并非完整证据；对抗性欺骗对齐不在论文范围内。","connections":["NUWA 关联：训练过程评估将动机扩展到中间检查点；Sleeper Agents 另示刻意训练条件的持续性。"],"decisionRelevance":"NUWA 建议：在反图谋安全论证中，分别保留分布外、意识和隐藏目标压力测试。"},"sourceRefs":[{"sourceId":"anti-scheming-training-publication","url":"https://arxiv.org/html/2509.15541","locator":"3 Deliberative alignment for anti-scheming","version":"Selected original resource https://arxiv.org/html/2509.15541; 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