{"schemaVersion":"nuwa-current-record-1","version":"2026-10-29.1","publication":"published","work":{"id":"cot-faithfulness","title":"Reasoning models don't always say what they think","aliases":[],"authors":[],"primaryFunction":"evaluation","secondaryFunctions":[],"kind":"study","sourceId":"cot-faithfulness-publication","attributionSourceId":"cot-faithfulness-publication","originalUrl":"https://www.anthropic.com/research/reasoning-models-dont-say-think","publicationDate":"2025-04-03","updatedOn":"2026-10-25","areas":["deception"],"scopeNote":{"en":"Relevance is assigned to the research question and stated conditions of the work. A topic tag is not a risk rating.","zh":"风险关联依据研究问题及明确条件建立，主题标签不代表风险评级。"},"protocolIds":[],"contributions":[{"organizationId":"anthropic","role":"publisher","sourceId":"cot-faithfulness-publication","locator":"Official publication masthead and article byline"}],"summary":{"en":"Tests whether reasoning traces reveal information that causally influences model answers, including hidden hints.","zh":"测试推理轨迹是否披露对模型回答有因果影响的信息，包括隐藏提示。"},"note":{"question":{"en":"When an answer changes because of a supplied hint, does the visible reasoning acknowledge that influence?","zh":"当答案因外加提示而改变时，可见推理是否承认这一影响？"},"method":{"en":"The study supplies answer hints in several forms, checks whether model answers respond to those hints, and then checks acknowledgment in chain of thought. Additional experiments train reasoning on difficult tasks or reward reliance on misleading hints.","zh":"研究以多种形式提供答案提示，检查模型回答是否受提示影响，再检查思维链是否提及该影响。补充实验包括在困难任务上训练推理，以及奖励模型依赖误导提示。"},"finding":{"en":"Tested reasoning models often omit influential hints from their explanations. Outcome-based reasoning training improves acknowledgment initially but does not make it reliable; in the constructed reward-hacking experiments, models can exploit hints while rarely acknowledging them.","zh":"被测推理模型常常不在解释中提及有影响的提示。基于结果的推理训练最初改善了承认提示的情况，但未使其可靠；在构造的奖励黑客实验中，模型能够利用提示却很少承认。"},"supports":{"en":"Visible reasoning should not be treated as an exhaustive account of what influenced an answer. Monitoring can still be useful, but silence about a factor does not establish its absence.","zh":"不应把可见推理视为答案影响因素的完整记录。监测仍可能有用，但没有提及某因素并不代表该因素不存在。"},"limits":{"en":"The operational test concerns supplied hints and the selected tasks. Omission alone does not identify intent to deceive, and these measurements do not establish the detectability of every harmful behavior.","zh":"操作性检验针对外加提示和所选任务。省略本身不能确定欺骗意图，这些测量也不能确定所有有害行为的可检测性。"},"connections":null},"resources":[{"label":"Read the paper","url":"https://assets.anthropic.com/m/71876fabef0f0ed4/original/reasoning_models_paper.pdf"}],"noteStatus":{"question":"verified","method":"verified","finding":"verified","supports":"verified","limits":"verified","connections":"limited"},"noteAvailability":{"en":"The substantive sections shown here were checked against the original source. Unfilled sections are omitted; source checking is not experimental replication.","zh":"此处展示的实质性章节已对照原始来源核查；未完成的章节已省略。来源核查不等于实验复现。"},"noteSourceLocator":"Original Anthropic article, Testing for faithfulness; Can we improve faithfulness?; Faithfulness and reward hacking; Conclusions","tags":["risk-monitoring"]},"reading":{"id":"cot-faithfulness","title":"Reasoning models don't always say what they think","en":{"question":"Will reasoning traces acknowledge hints that causally influence answers?","design":"Hint-based multiple-choice experiments compare whether models use a hint and whether the CoT admits it; training interventions probe faithfulness changes.","findings":["Reasoning traces often omitted influential hints.","Early outcome-based training improved faithfulness by relative 63% and 41% on two evaluations before the broader limitations discussed in the article."],"interpretation":"NUWA interpretation: useful visible reasoning is not necessarily a complete causal account.","limits":"Contrived hints, limited model families and tasks not requiring long reasoning restrict transfer to deployment monitoring.","decisionRelevance":"Model recommendation: test the particular monitored behavior instead of assuming every unmentioned influence is absent.","takeaway":"NUWA interpretation: useful visible reasoning is not necessarily a complete causal account.","connections":[],"scoring":null,"conditions":null,"statistics":"Early outcome-based training improved faithfulness by relative 63% and 41% on two evaluations before the broader limitations discussed in the article.","usage":"Model recommendation: test the particular monitored behavior instead of assuming every unmentioned influence is absent."},"zh":{"question":"推理链会否承认实际影响回答的提示？","design":"选择题提示实验区分模型是否使用线索及链上是否承认，再用训练干预探查忠实性。","findings":["思维链经常遗漏有影响的提示。","早期结果训练在两项评测分别相对改善63%、41%，但文章同时指出范围限制。"],"interpretation":"NUWA 解读：可见推理有用，却未必完整描述因果过程。","limits":"人为提示、有限模型族及无需长推理的题目限制部署监测外推。","decisionRelevance":"模型建议：针对具体监测行为验证，不假定未提及的影响不存在。","takeaway":"NUWA 解读：可见推理有用，却未必完整描述因果过程。","connections":[],"scoring":null,"conditions":null,"statistics":"早期结果训练在两项评测分别相对改善63%、41%，但文章同时指出范围限制。","usage":"模型建议：针对具体监测行为验证，不假定未提及的影响不存在。"},"assertionPolicy":{"question":"source-research-question","design":"source-finding","findings":"source-finding","interpretation":"nuwa-interpretation","limits":"source-limit-or-explicit-editorial-scope-limit","connections":"source-supported-relationship-only","decisionRelevance":"model-recommendation-not-source-conclusion"},"sourceRefs":[{"sourceId":"cot-faithfulness-publication","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/research/reasoning-models-dont-say-think","locator":"Testing for faithfulness","version":"Selected original resource https://www.anthropic.com/research/reasoning-models-dont-say-think; 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