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Evaluation dossier

PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite

Tests whether agents can improve base models through post-training under a fixed compute budget.

Sources and provenance ↓ Read the research narrative →

CROSS-REPORT MONITORING

PUBLISHED EVIDENCE

PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite · Weighted average performance

Published measurements across source reports. Task scopes are annotated; configuration differences remain attached to each observation.

25 observations · 0 dated

● Matched◇ Configuration differs□ Some conditions undisclosed
Weighted average performance (score) Official Instruct Models (baseline) Claude Opus 4.6 (Claude Code) Gemini 3.1 Pro (OpenCode) GPT-5.2 (Codex CLI) GPT 5.4 (High) (Codex CLI) GPT 5.1 Codex Max (Codex CLI) Gemini 3 Pro (Gemini CLI) Base Model (Few-Shot) GPT 5.3 Codex (High) (Codex CLI) Claude Opus 4.5 (OpenCode) GPT 5.2 Codex (Codex CLI) Claude Opus 4.5 (Claude Code) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 51.1 score 23.2 score 21.6 score 21.4 score 20.2 score 19.7 score 18.1 score 18.1 score 17.8 score 17.3 score 17.2 score 17.1 score

25 observations lack a verified model release date. They remain in Data and Systems.

Select a point or table row to inspect its conditions and provenance.

25 observations

Measurements and source conditions
System / modelResultCondition statusTask / conditionsEvaluator / reportDates
Official Instruct Models (baseline)51.1 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Claude Opus 4.6 (Claude Code)23.2 scoreWeighted average performance±1.8 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Gemini 3.1 Pro (OpenCode)21.6 scoreWeighted average performance±1.1 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GPT-5.2 (Codex CLI)21.4 scoreWeighted average performance±2.4 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GPT 5.4 (High) (Codex CLI)20.2 scoreWeighted average performance±2.4 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GPT 5.1 Codex Max (Codex CLI)19.7 scoreWeighted average performance±2.5 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Gemini 3 Pro (Gemini CLI)18.1 scoreWeighted average performance±2.4 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Base Model (Few-Shot)18.1 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GPT 5.3 Codex (High) (Codex CLI)17.8 scoreWeighted average performance±3.6 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Claude Opus 4.5 (OpenCode)17.3 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GPT 5.2 Codex (Codex CLI)17.2 scoreWeighted average performance±1.6 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Claude Opus 4.5 (Claude Code)17.1 scoreWeighted average performance±4.5 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Claude Sonnet 4.6 (Claude Code)16.4 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Gemini 3 Pro (OpenCode)14.9 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GLM 5 (OpenCode)13.9 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GPT 5.3 Codex (Med) (Codex CLI)13.8 scoreWeighted average performance±0.8 (one standard deviation)IncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Kimi K2.5 (OpenCode)10.3 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Claude Sonnet 4.5 (Claude Code)9.9 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
MiniMax M2.5 (OpenCode)9.5 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
MiniMax M2.1 (OpenCode)9.3 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GPT 5.1 Codex Max (OpenCode)7.7 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Base Model (Zero-Shot)7.5 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
GLM 4.7 (OpenCode)7.5 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Qwen3 Max (Claude Code)7.4 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —
Kimi K2 Thinking (OpenCode)7.2 scoreWeighted average performanceIncompleteTable 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite—Not disclosedPostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?Release —Report —

Task and measurement

Benchmark protocol profile

Task / subject
Model or agent system under the original task configuration
Measurement target
Tests whether agents can improve base models through post-training under a fixed compute budget.
Scoring / outcome
Weighted average performance · Table 1: weighted average performance. Native CLI frontier agents have 3 independent runs (± one standard deviation); other configurations have one run. Baselines and scaffolds differ.
Interpretation boundary
Targeted benchmark gains, test contamination and unauthorized shortcuts require separate checks.

A reported evaluation

The source evaluates Official Instruct Models (baseline) · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite.

Reported measurement: Weighted average performance · 51.1.

Table 1: weighted average performance. Native CLI frontier agents have 3 independent runs (± one standard deviation); other configurations have one run. Baselines and scaffolds differ. See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred.

Source-reported measurements for Official Instruct Models (baseline) in Table 1; values are transcribed, not independently reproduced.

Measurement dossier · NUWA reading

Source-method reading and retained catalogue information are distinguished. Publication does not establish independent evidence or bilingual editorial review.

Measurement construct
Can coding agents autonomously improve a supplied base model through post-training?
Task population
Each run pairs one of four small base models with a target benchmark, constrained to ten hours on one H100 and held-out checkpoint evaluation.
Scoring and failure modes
Held-out target-benchmark score of the submitted post-trained checkpoint.
System conditions
Ten hours, one H100; target base model and benchmark paired per run.
Statistical meaning
Source-reported result statements; this does not establish trial counts, denominators or an estimator: The best reported agent average was 23.2%, against 7.5% base and 51.1% official instruction-tuned averages.
Validity and interpretation
Single-task optimization, constrained compute and only three frontier-agent runs limit generalization and variance estimates; contamination judgments can err.
Appropriate research use
Model recommendation: retain target task and checkpoint integrity audits alongside performance gains.

Evidence across reports

The same benchmark name can cover different tasks, scoring rules and system configurations. Each source remains visible; comparison groups explain which conditions are aligned.

Original source charts and materials

Reported results

Source order · reported configurations

Weighted average performance

0–100
Official Instruct Models (baseline)
51.1
Claude Opus 4.6 (Claude Code)
23.2
Gemini 3.1 Pro (OpenCode)
21.6
GPT-5.2 (Codex CLI)
21.4
GPT 5.4 (High) (Codex CLI)
20.2
GPT 5.1 Codex Max (Codex CLI)
19.7
Gemini 3 Pro (Gemini CLI)
18.1
Base Model (Few-Shot)
18.1
GPT 5.3 Codex (High) (Codex CLI)
17.8
Claude Opus 4.5 (OpenCode)
17.3
GPT 5.2 Codex (Codex CLI)
17.2
Claude Opus 4.5 (Claude Code)
17.1
Showing 12 of 25 systems

Values describe the measured outcome under the source protocol, not a general safety score.

Table 1: weighted average performance. Native CLI frontier agents have 3 independent runs (± one standard deviation); other configurations have one run. Baselines and scaffolds differ. Evaluation date not specified; publication / record dates are shown below.

Evaluation conditions and system configurations
Official Instruct Models (baseline)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Claude Opus 4.6 (Claude Code)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Gemini 3.1 Pro (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GPT-5.2 (Codex CLI)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GPT 5.4 (High) (Codex CLI)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GPT 5.1 Codex Max (Codex CLI)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Gemini 3 Pro (Gemini CLI)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Base Model (Few-Shot)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GPT 5.3 Codex (High) (Codex CLI)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Claude Opus 4.5 (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GPT 5.2 Codex (Codex CLI)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Claude Opus 4.5 (Claude Code)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Claude Sonnet 4.6 (Claude Code)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Gemini 3 Pro (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GLM 5 (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GPT 5.3 Codex (Med) (Codex CLI)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Kimi K2.5 (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Claude Sonnet 4.5 (Claude Code)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
MiniMax M2.5 (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
MiniMax M2.1 (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GPT 5.1 Codex Max (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Base Model (Zero-Shot)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
GLM 4.7 (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Qwen3 Max (Claude Code)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Kimi K2 Thinking (OpenCode)
See the source protocol; no independent trial count inferred. · Table 1 · PostTrainBench and OpenAI PostTrainBench Lite
modelVersion: not specified · harness: not specified · tools: not specified · budget: not specified
Reported results · source order
System / configurationWeighted average performancePublication / verification
Official Instruct Models (baseline)Harness not specified51.1Source checked2026-10-25
Claude Opus 4.6 (Claude Code)Harness not specified23.2±1.8 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
Gemini 3.1 Pro (OpenCode)Harness not specified21.6±1.1 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
GPT-5.2 (Codex CLI)Harness not specified21.4±2.4 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
GPT 5.4 (High) (Codex CLI)Harness not specified20.2±2.4 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
GPT 5.1 Codex Max (Codex CLI)Harness not specified19.7±2.5 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
Gemini 3 Pro (Gemini CLI)Harness not specified18.1±2.4 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
Base Model (Few-Shot)Harness not specified18.1Source checked2026-10-25
GPT 5.3 Codex (High) (Codex CLI)Harness not specified17.8±3.6 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
Claude Opus 4.5 (OpenCode)Harness not specified17.3Source checked2026-10-25
GPT 5.2 Codex (Codex CLI)Harness not specified17.2±1.6 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
Claude Opus 4.5 (Claude Code)Harness not specified17.1±4.5 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
Claude Sonnet 4.6 (Claude Code)Harness not specified16.4Source checked2026-10-25
Gemini 3 Pro (OpenCode)Harness not specified14.9Source checked2026-10-25
GLM 5 (OpenCode)Harness not specified13.9Source checked2026-10-25
GPT 5.3 Codex (Med) (Codex CLI)Harness not specified13.8±0.8 (one standard deviation)Source checked2026-10-25
Kimi K2.5 (OpenCode)Harness not specified10.3Source checked2026-10-25
Claude Sonnet 4.5 (Claude Code)Harness not specified9.9Source checked2026-10-25
MiniMax M2.5 (OpenCode)Harness not specified9.5Source checked2026-10-25
MiniMax M2.1 (OpenCode)Harness not specified9.3Source checked2026-10-25
GPT 5.1 Codex Max (OpenCode)Harness not specified7.7Source checked2026-10-25
Base Model (Zero-Shot)Harness not specified7.5Source checked2026-10-25
GLM 4.7 (OpenCode)Harness not specified7.5Source checked2026-10-25
Qwen3 Max (Claude Code)Harness not specified7.4Source checked2026-10-25
Kimi K2 Thinking (OpenCode)Harness not specified7.2Source checked2026-10-25

Related research questions

References

Numerical results are reported by the cited authors.

  1. [1] Ben Rank ∗, Hardik Bhatnagar ∗, et al.. PostTrainBench : Can LLM Agents Automate LLM Post-Training?. 2026-03-09. v2 [arXiv]; Author affiliations on the original paper title page; Table 1