RAND

QuestionWhat evidence would justify moving from an assessment score to a claim about real-world biological misuse risk?

Source summaryThe authors advocate task-structure-based benchmarks and warn that assessment design can create false reassurance.

NUWA research note · independent review pending

QuestionWhat can existing biological/chemical knowledge and refusal benchmarks establish about frontier models?

Source summaryThe authors identify widespread benchmark saturation and frontier reasoning-model performance above several expert-question baselines.

NUWA research note · independent review pending